Asia’s No.1 carmaker has developed a magnet that reduces dependence on neodymium, a key rare earth metal used in the world’s most powerful batteries for electric vehicles.
Output of the steelmaking material reached 366.5 million tonnes last year, boosted by record high productionat Vale's northern system, which composed of its Carajás, Serra Leste and the massive S11D mine.
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) has become a major of revenue for millions of people in about 80 countries worldwide, with more than 100 million people currently depending on the activity for their livelihoods. But at what costs?