According to Forjando Futuros foundation, the forced displacement was ordered by the companies but executed by either the National Army or the guerrilla.
Vale needs to sort out once and for all its problem child, Goro, and keep its fingers crossed that Tsingshan's announcement is, for now at least, "just talk".
Mining companies across the globe now consider the risk of losing their licence to operate as the biggest risk to their businesses in the next two years