The top-five western diversified mining companies may see combined 2021 second-half earnings of $73 billion.

"There's a general cooling of the economy in China. Infrastructure and property are both key in terms of driving metals demand and we do not expect a quick reversal in either."

Vale was expected to overtake its main rival in the fourth quarter, but reported a disappointing 82.5 million metric tonnes of production.

To receive certification, each mine must meet 32​​ sustainability criteria.

Drill hole CMV-001B returned an estimated average grade of 0.51% copper equivalent.

The Brazilian miner lost the title of top iron ore supplier to Rio Tinto in the wake of a tailings dam disaster three years ago.

The Minas Gerais law requires the removal of all dams constructed using the upstream method. Those in breach could have their operating license suspended.