In other PGMs, platinum is forecast to move into a bigger surplus, while rhodium's market deficit is expected to deepen.

The global battery market will be worth about $116 billion a year by 2030.

Russia is considering tripling the mineral extraction tax on metals and fertiliser producers to raise revenues, although the Kremlin said no decision had yet been taken.

Occupational health & safety, environmental impacts and efficient resource extraction are factors the project addresses.

GM’s study of the aerial mobility market is part of the push by its innovation group to explore other transportation markets for growth.

Miner has reported that tailings from its Sasa zinc-lead mine have leaked into a local river in northeastern Macedonia. Nobody has been harmed, company stated.

Miners have been given notice that shareholders expect a zero-failure operational model.