Years of neglecting its critical metal supplies is catching up with the United States, as demand for the raw materials needed to build a new green economy that rejects fossil fuels gears up.
Changes sweeping the electricity sectors in Japan and China suggest a hugely uncertain future for coal-fired power and a rapidly increasing risk of stranded assets.
Australia's Taurus raised $683m to invest in mining company debt last year, while two funds currently in the market are targeting investor capital of $800m.
China plans to invest CNY4.7 trillion ($720 billion) on 303 transport infrastructure projects over three years but that may not be enough to give a strong boost to commodity prices in an oversupplied market.
If all central banks were to hold at least 5% of forex reserves in gold (versus 60%+ in rich economies) it would require the purchase of almost 8,000 tonnes