Output of the steelmaking material reached 366.5 million tonnes last year, boosted by record high productionat Vale's northern system, which composed of its Carajás, Serra Leste and the massive S11D mine.
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) has become a major of revenue for millions of people in about 80 countries worldwide, with more than 100 million people currently depending on the activity for their livelihoods. But at what costs?
Freeport's export permit for Grasberg, the world's second-biggest copper mine, is due to expire on Friday, as is Amman's permit to ship ore concentrate from its Batu Hijau mine on the island of Sumbawa.
Some members of Mongolia's parliament sought to limit the number of new resident permits granted to foreigners to 100 per year to protect domestic jobs.
The firm is also trying to halve use of cobalt in batteries from around 20% by raising the proportion of nickel, and it will start researching on development of nearly cobalt-free batteries.