Saying that just over 20% of miners had met the black economic empowerment criteria is to tun a blind eye to the progress members have made so far, claims the ming group.
Demand fears continue to restrict the extent of upside moves, whilst supply disruptions at the mine level have more recently provided a floor to prices following the early-year sell-off.
The union that led 2014's bitter five-month strike in South Africa's platinum belt has brought the same demands – doubling of wages – to the gold sector.
The recurring phenomenon — a warming of the Pacific Ocean as part of a complex cycle linking atmosphere and ocean — has in the past affected mine output, triggering price spikes.