Burkina Faso produces 34 tonnes of artisanal gold per year, but only 300kg was formally exported in 2019 due to a lack of traceability and lower export taxes in neighbouring countries.
The disappearance of the so-called tax advances was flagged by Inspector General of Finance Jules Alingete in a letter to a consortium known as Congo Hold-up.
The government is increasing efforts to diversify Botswana's economy, investing in science, tech and entrepreneurship to lessen a dependency on diamond mining.