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Johns Hopkins University engineers have developed nanoscale gold tattoos – dots and wires that adhere to live cells – a breakthrough that puts scientists one step closer to tracking the health of individual cells.
In a paper published in the journal Nano Letters, the group explains that the new technology allows for the first time the placement of optical elements or electronics on live cells with tattoo-like arrays that stick on cells while flexing and conforming to the cells’ wet and fluid outer structure.
“If you imagine where this is all going in the future, we would like to have sensors to remotely monitor and control the state of individual cells and the environment surrounding those cells in real-time,” David Gracias, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering who led the development, said in a media statement. “If we had technologies to track the health of isolated cells, we could maybe diagnose and treat diseases much earlier and not wait until the entire organ is damaged.”
According to Gracias, the tattoos bridge the gap between living cells or tissue and conventional sensors and electronic materials. They’re essentially like barcodes or QR codes.
“We’re talking about putting something like an electronic tattoo on a living object tens of times smaller than the head of a pin,” Gracias said. “It’s the first step towards attaching sensors and electronics on live cells.”
The structures were able to stick to soft cells for 16 hours even as the cells moved.
Gracias and his group built the tattoos in the form of arrays with gold, a material known for its ability to prevent signal loss or distortion in electronic wiring.
They attached the arrays to cells that make and sustain tissue in the human body, called fibroblasts. The arrays were then treated with molecular glues and transferred onto the cells using an alginate hydrogel film, a gel-like laminate that can be dissolved after the gold adheres to the cell. The molecular glue on the array bonds to a film secreted by the cells called the extracellular matrix.
Previous research has demonstrated how to use hydrogels to stick nanotechnology onto human skin and internal animal organs. By showing how to adhere gold nanowires and nanodots onto single cells, the team is addressing the long-standing challenge of making optical sensors and electronics compatible with biological matter at the single-cell level.
“We’ve shown we can attach complex nanopatterns to living cells while ensuring that the cell doesn’t die,” Gracias said. “It’s a very important result that the cells can live and move with the tattoos because there’s often a significant incompatibility between living cells and the methods engineers use to fabricate electronics.”
The expert noted that the ability to attach the dots and wires in an array form is also crucial. To use this technology to track bioinformation, researchers must be able to arrange sensors and wiring into specific patterns, not unlike how they are arranged in electronic chips.
“This is an array with specific spacing, not a haphazard bunch of dots,” Gracias said.
The team plans to try to attach more complex nanocircuits that can stay in place for longer periods. They also want to experiment with different types of cells.
