Buying by central banks in the third quarter took their purchases for the year to 673 tonnes, more than the total purchases in any full year since 1967.
ITSCI is a private sector scheme monitoring tin, tantalum and tungsten mines in Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi for human rights abuses.
Artisanal small-scale mining provides a livelihood to over 40 million people worldwide, which, for the gold mining sector, corresponds to about 20 million miners.