In 1977 Jacques David began his career in the battery recycling business and quickly became a pioneer in recovering nickel, cobalt and cadmium from Ni-Cd batteries.
Indonesia’s EV ambitions, growing nickel mining dominance (echoes of Congo-cobalt) and new export rules are as disruptive as its 2014 ore ban – and good news for producers elsewhere.
Large players will likely benefit, Fitch says, from being able to rely on stronger investment capacity, while junior miners may struggle to adapt to the low carbon economy.