Wood Mackenzie states that the cobalt market would have to double and 800 kt LCE of additional lithium would be needed by 2025 to limit global warming by 2.5 degrees.

IDTechEx estimates that just in 2020, 330 kt of waste Li-ion battery will be produced.

Europe has belatedly woken up to the fact it has a metals problem.

Move is part of a broader plan to cut reliance on imported supply of key commodities, including rare earths and cobalt.

UK-based researchers identified a potential new degradation mechanism for electric vehicle batteries.