In today's very illustrative infographic, we look at how currency debasement, government overspending, and heavy taxation helped fuel the collapse of one of the most powerful empires in ancient history.
Barrick's shrinking production profile could see output fall by 1.5m ounces within two years. World no 2 Newmont Mining forecasts 14% growth next year.
Plutonic is the highest-cost of Northern Star's five mines, producing around 79,000 ounces last financial year at an all-in sustaining cost of $1550 an ounce.
Gold miners in particular have stepped up technology investment within a falling capex budget, as the metal price in producers’ currencies has held up much better than other commodities.