Turow, a 30 square kilometre area, is one of Poland's largest lignite mines.

A wide swathe of China has suffered outages since May as soaring prices and tight supply of coal.

Supplies of coal, the key source of electricity generation in China and India, are beginning to rise again after governments pressed miners to boost output.

Bond buying will be skewed toward the stronger climate performers with the potential for further escalation.

Botswana is edging ahead with developing its coal resources, which are estimated at 200 billion tonnes.

In some ways, the richer nations of the developed world can speed up the end of coal in Asia, writes Clyde Russell.