A year ago, Tesla surprised the electric car industry when it announced some Model 3s made in its Shanghai factory will be equipped with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries made by China’s Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL).
While cheaper to manufacture, LFP seemed at odds with Tesla’s sporty, luxury image.
Apart from buses and special purpose vehicles, LFP is associated with tiny (and probably tinny) city runabouts like Wuling‘s Hong Guang Mini EV (jv with GM) which this year overtook the Model 3 as China’s bestselling EV.
NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) and NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum) dominate the market for electric cars and LFP fares badly against ternary cathode batteries in terms of energy density – and therefore range and charging.
Due to the technology’s shortcomings, there were doubts whether the LFP Model 3 would qualify for full Chinese subsidies, which kick in above 165Wh/kg. No subsidy would negate savings made on the battery.
NCA and NCM equipped Model 3s sold over the three months came with $74 million worth of nickel and another $21 million worth of cobalt
Fast forward to today, and Tesla’s gamble has been an unqualified success.
The strategy was prescient – cobalt and nickel prices (despite Tsingshan surprising the market with new matte capability) have rallied hard over the past year and competition over secure, long-term supply is more fierce than ever as EV sales reach a tipping point.
Tesla CEO Elon Musk has expressed worry about nickel supply on a few occasions in recent months and last week touted LFP as the future for “standard range” Teslas.
In December, only its second full month of sales, the 55KWh LFP-battery Tesla Model 3 captured 5.9% of the global full electric car market in terms of battery capacity deployed despite not being for sale in the US, according to data supplied by Adamas Intelligence.
Boosted by deliveries to Europe, it made up 46% of all Model 3 sales in January and an astonishing 32% (December it was 47%) of the battery capacity in all LFP-equipped cars worldwide.
That lifted LFP’s overall share of the global battery market in terms of capacity to 18.5% in January, according to Adamas, which tracks demand for EV batteries by chemistry, cell supplier and capacity in over 90 countries.
That’s from only around 1% at the beginning of last year and 3% in June.
Alla Kolesnikova, Head of Data and Analytics at Adamas, says 2020 saw a resurgence of LFP in China:
“LFP battery capacity deployed onto roads increased six-fold and we continue to see cathode manufacturers ramping up output and a growing list of the automakers in China announcing upcoming model-versions that will incorporate LFP cells. Among the more prominent are Xpeng, Seres and VW.”
Using Adamas data on the loadings of raw materials and battery capacity deployed for the three chemistries in Model 3s sold worldwide, it is possible to calculate what the company saves by using LFP.
Adamas only includes end-user registered EVs in the data, not projections from production figures or from the wholesale market. In November, December and January more than 125,000 Model 3s found new owners.
Lithium and graphite application in the three batteries – CATL LFP, Panasonic Gen 3 NCA and LG Energy Solutions NCM 8-series – are broadly on par.
“The LFP market needs to work twice as hard as the high-nickel market to capture market share”
Alla Kolesnikova, Head of Data and Analytics, Adamas Intelligence
Using the February Benchmark Mineral Intelligence index prices show a notional value of more than $45 million for the lithium and graphite in all Model 3’s sold during those months.
However, the longer range, high-performance NCA and NCM equipped Model 3s sold over the three months came with $74 million worth of nickel and another $21 million worth of cobalt (manganese sulfate was less than $1m for the period).
Cobalt has shot up in price this year to more than $65,000 a tonne, while nickel in the battery supply chain traded north of $20,000 in February, according to Benchmark.
Without an LFP variant in the mix, Tesla and its battery suppliers’ outlay on nickel, cobalt and manganese would have been north of $125 million.
Tesla has a habit of cutting prices – more than a dozen times last year – to move stock, with LFP they have lots of room to continue this strategy.
Kolesnikova says cathode-related innovation is thriving on both LFP and nickel-rich fronts and and the market is calling for both:
“It’s worth bearing in mind however that the sales weighted battery capacity of the average LFP-powered EV is just half that of the average high-nickel NCM/NCA powered EV so the LFP market needs to work twice as hard as the high-nickel market to capture market share.”
Kevin Gunan Shang, an analyst at Roskill, says battery and automakers in China have quickly latched onto Tesla’s success with LFP and are racing to increase capacity.
LFP takeup outside China is also expected to rise with the expiry of a crucial LFP patent in 2022
A new study by the London-HQed mineral and chemical market research firm shows announced LFP cathode and precursor material manufacturing capacity is up 10-fold in January-February 2021, compared to the same two months last year.
The technology itself has also made great strides with so-called ‘cell-to-pack’ manufacturing, which reduces the weight of non-active materials, composite graphite-silicon anodes, and pre-lithiation, improving on LFP’s inherent limitations.
Shang points out Volkswagen-backed Chinese battery manufacturer Gotion’s claims that its latest LFP battery achieves cell-level energy density of 210 Wh/kg. That puts it on par with NCM523 (5 parts nickel, 2 parts cobalt).
LFP takeup outside China is also expected to rise with the expiry of a crucial LFP patent in 2022. The patent, held in part by the University of Texas, Hydro Quebec and Johnson Matthey, makes LiFePO4 conductive by coating it with carbon.
LFP is also increasing in popularity for other applications such as renewable energy storage, two and three-wheel vehicles and backup power for 5G base stations, according to Shang.
2 Comments
Albert Barfo
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