Timothy Foden, partner in international arbitration group at law firm Boies Schiller Flexner looks forward at legal challenges facing the mining industry.
Elemental and lead isotope analyses of ancient copper ingots unlocked secrets of Early Iron Age trade routes and how Indigenous Mediterranean communities functioned 2,600 years ago.
Burkina Faso produces 34 tonnes of artisanal gold per year, but only 300kg was formally exported in 2019 due to a lack of traceability and lower export taxes in neighbouring countries.
Illegal gold mining in the north Amazonian territory of Brazil's indigenous Munduruku people has led to more than half of several hundred people tested showing unsafe mercury levels.
The government is increasing efforts to diversify Botswana's economy, investing in science, tech and entrepreneurship to lessen a dependency on diamond mining.
"In two separate trials, we’ve used blockchain to exchange data and documents digitally, improving efficiency and transparency and reducing bureaucracy, risk and red tape," says BHP chief commercial officer.
Researchers at the University of Queensland and the University of Geneva are looking into a material produced from mineral ores as a sustainable source of sand.